Science is by its nature prone to radical changes in outlook. “Based on the evidence, we conclude…” But, when confronted with new evidence that may alter the understanding, even completely reversing previously held positions, scientists have no problem flipping around to a new understanding of reality. One need only look at the long running debate over eggs, or the new conflicting studies about salt in our diet, to see that concrete knowledge about how science understands things is actually tenuous at best.
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/04/health/research/04salt.html
In the late 1950s the fundamental driving theory of mountain building was called the Geosynclinal model. I won’t bore you with the details, since it has been proven outdated, and replaced with the Plate Tectonic model. Back then, as related by one of my geology professors, there was, however, quite a push-back against this new theory that challenged the dogma of the day. So much so that students were warned against going to lectures promoting this new theory. Of course, they went anyhow, I mean, what do college students do when they are told, “don’t do this!” ? Soon the Geosynclinal model was laid on the ash-heaps of history, and I’d wager most of you reading this have never even heard of it.
An interesting thing to note is that even with this new and improved model, no one is sure how the whole thing is driven. What forces inside the earth are driving these huge plates all around the globe? Lots of ideas out there, but nothing has been “proven.” The more we know, the more we know we don’t know.
Take also the latest fad in physics: darkness. Dark matter and dark energy are the headlines coming from our buddies with the formulas. We can’t see it, we can’t detect it, but it “has” to be there, our calculations won’t work without it. Or, rather, our calculations don’t work as we think they ought to, so there must be something out there influencing things that we can’t get hold of right now. I’m sure I’ve got it all wrong, and some physics person would shake their head, “You poor civilian.”
What is interesting to me, though, is how science is perceived in the public sphere. It seems to me, scientists are seen as the ones who “know.” If we have a problem with our bodies we go to the doctor, a scientist. If there is a question about how to construct something, we go to an engineer, a scientist. If we have questions about the weather, we go to a meteorologist, another scientist. On and on it goes. These are the folks who study and test, who observe and catalog, who confer with one another in the ivory towers, and occasionally deign to come down to us mortals to try explain to our feeble minds the nuances of the more potent reality they know.
And tell us not to pay attention to what they said yesterday, because the new study came out, the new observation was made, the new calculation was done, and so there is a new way to look at things that, uh oh, just completely contradicts what we told you yesterday.
Of course, this doesn’t apply to “natural laws”, like gravity, or physical constants, like say, the speed of light…oh wait, wasn’t there just some finding about neutrinos? Never mind.
Science does work, though. All we need do is look around our rooms at night to see the many LED’s (light emitting diodes) to remind us that our world today is filled with scientific improvements to our lives. And we are grateful.
Politics is the playing out of societal interactions. As we are presently so keenly aware it is also how the money is spent. Our money. Quite a bit of this is founded upon the insights science gives us into the nature of reality. Hence, since salt is bad for us, we need to have a notice put onto the packaging of the product telling us the sodium content. We also need to have laboratories set up for the company to send their product to to get tested to see how much sodium (and saturated fat, and, and, and…) is in there so we can make “informed” decisions about all that. Oh wait, but is salt bad for us now? And if it isn’t, what about all that wasted time and effort that went into determining how much was in there? What about all that marketing that was wasted on promoting “low sodium” foods? What about all those wasted doctor visits where the scientist calmly explained that, yes Mrs. McGillicuddy, you really need to watch your salt intake, since studies have shown that salt in your diet increases hypertension, and if you have salted french fries your heart will probably explode right there in McDonalds? I’m sure the FDA will blithely change all the rules, and come up with some great new graphic to explain how salt is improving our lives, while latching onto the latest news from science to warn us about the next dreaded ingredient to manage.
For me the problem is there is no accounting for this. Whole industries are forced at gunpoint to change the way they do business, spend tons of money coming up with ways to address some issue that politicians have learned about from scientists. And then, as science is oft seen to do, the data changes, the understanding is more nuanced, another factor is identified, and, oh, well, that wasn’t really what the deal was, so here is the new way to look at it. Meanwhile, all that effort was completely wasted.
I just wonder what effect a low salt diet had on people who religiously followed one? Were they harmed by this? Would they have been better off with a “moderate sodium intake?” And if there is a danger to that, and people were harmed, who should bear the responsibility for it? Not the scientists, of course, since they were only going off what the data showed. Not the politicians and bureaucrats, they were only following what the scientists were telling them. Not the food companies, they were only complying with the regulations imposed on them at gunpoint by the bureaucrats who were just following what the scientists were telling them.
There are some areas where we can be sure about what science can tell us. We shouldn’t put belladonna in breakfast cereal. When political power uses science to impose strictures on personal liberty, there ought to be some kind of accounting, in case, oopsie, our study didn’t factor in for the positive feedback effect of exposure to the sun (or, whatever), so just ignore that last little missive about how this can kill you.
Have a day!